Cowlings Rule Formula Analysis Essay Example

Cowlings Rule Formula Analysis Paper The story of the history of the cubic equation illustrates a change in mathematics that came with the Renaissance: the understanding that mathematicians must publish their work to succeed; that instead of keeping mathematical knowledge as secrets within families, to be used as weapons in debates, or in mathematics contests, they must be available to the public. The solution of the cubic equation came at a time when both these conflicting views on mathematics were both in common practice; furthermore, the story involved controversy between mathematicians from both sides of the argument, which seem to reflect perfectly the changing ideas of how mathematics should be practiced. This is exemplified by the controversy between the two names most commonly associated with the cubic formula, or the solution to the cubic equation: Gerolamo Cardano (1501-1576), the prestigious physician, astrologer and mathematician who first published the result, and Niccolo Fontana, known as Tartaglia (1506-1557), a self-educated mathematician who secretly derived the formula to use to his advantage in a mathematics contest, and was outraged when Cardano published it without permission. Cardanos actions were representative of the new attitudes of Renaissance mathematicians-for instance, that publishing should be synonymous with prestige- while Tartaglia represents the underdeveloped philosophy of the middle ages, that mathematics should be kept secret from the public so that mathematicians may gain personal prestige. We will write a custom essay sample on Cowlings Rule Formula Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Cowlings Rule Formula Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Cowlings Rule Formula Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Cardano acted appropriately as a Renaissance man, and made the decision that was aimed toward the greater good of mathematics. Cardano heard about Tartaglia and his solution to the cubic equation, and wrote a letter asking Tartaglia to share his solution so that he might publish in his next book on algebra, Ars Magna. Tartaglia responded denying Cardanos request and proposed that his result would only see the light of day when he chose to publish a work of his own. However, Cardano eventually managed to persuade Tartaglia to share his secret, on the condition that he took an oath never to divulge it to anybody. Six years later, Cardano published Ars Magna, which included Tartaglias formula. From one point of view, one could conclude that Cardano was merely acting on the new philosophies of the Renaissance, and that, in complaining about the publishing of his formula, Tartaglia was merely clinging to the medieval views about mathematics, which were much less efficient in producing mathematics, and even more unfair in assigning credit where it was due. Some of the trends of keeping mathematical advancements out of the public eye were still occurring during the Italian Renaissance. Until the printing press became popular in the mid-sixteenth century, it was common practice to keep mathematical knowledge a secret within a mathematicians family, and, at the most, to share it with ones apprentices. The primary reason is that mathematical contests, such as the contest between Tartaglia and Fiore, were still common practice among mathematical scholars. Mathematical knowledge could be a powerful weapon until it was exposed to the public. 2) Complex Numbers Four and a half centuries have elapsed since the discovery of complex, or imaginary numbers, a discovery which ultimately has had a profound impact on the whole of mathematics, unifying much that had previously seemed disparate and explaining much that had previously been inexplicable. Far from being embraced, complex numbers were initially greeted with suspicion, confusion and even hostility. Cardanos Ars Magna (1545) is traditionally taken to be the birth certificate of complex numbers. It may seem a little strange therefore that he introduced them only to dismiss them with the comment they are as subtle as they are useless. Building on the work of del Ferro and Tartaglia, Cardanos Ars Magna showed cubic equations could be solved by the remarkable formula. When considering the problem Cardano encountered a solution which required the square root of -121, i.e. a negative number. Such a solution was called a casus irreducibilis. Cardano was aware that negative numbers did not possess square roots but he also knew that x=4 was a solution to the above equation. He was not able to make sense of this paradox; he had, as it were, blundered into the minefield of complex numbers. (Hollingdale) Clearly the challenge presented by the existence of complex numbers could not be ignored much longer. Bombelli was the first mathematician bold enough to accept the existence of imaginary numbers, and hence to throw some light on the puzzle of irreducible cubic equations. While complex numbers themselves remained mysterious, Bombellis work on cubic equations established that real problems required complex arithmetic for their solution. In proving the reality of the roots of the cubic , Bombelli demonstrated the extraordinary fact that real numbers could be engendered by imaginary numbers.(Burton) It was because of the study and development of the cubic equation that imaginary numbers lost some of their mystical character. However, just as with the birth, the subsequent development of the theory was inextricably bound with the progress in other areas of mathematics. 3) The Battle of the Scholars Public Contests  At the turn of the sixteenth century in Italy, a teacher of mathematics lived in a highly competitive world. At this time, students paid their professors directly for each course they took. Thus, if they became dissatisfied with the level or quality of instruction, payment could be summarily suspended, and the instructor could be forced to leave the school and even the town. To uphold their reputations and to insure their livelihoods, professors engaged in public contests, which were commonplace among mathematical scholars. The contests had a huge influence on scholars, first because the prize was often a considerable sum of money, and second because positions at universities were not tenured, and maintaining professorships depended heavily on ones performance in contests. These contests were generally initiated by an underdog who proposed a series of problems to an established figure. The better-known mathematician then prepared a comparable set of examples for the challenger. After a predetermined length of time, the participants came together in public to present their solutions, the one with the greater number of correct answers taking the contest. In such an atmosphere, the guardian of a new solution or technique gained a distinct advantage over potential opponents and enjoyed job security by virtue of his secret. Given the system, it was simply not in ones best interests to publicize major discoveries. Tartaglia was a strong proponent of this attitude towards secrecy. In addition to his contest with Fiore, Tartaglia participated in a large number of public contests, in which he was quite successful. In fact, he made a large part of his living from the prize money he received from public disputes and contests.  Indeed, the study of the cubic equation certainly helped to revive the zest and vigour which early day mathematicians experienced. Let it be said that Italy has spawned some of the worlds greatest artists, for in the renaissance, Italy saw the development of some of histories most magical artists determined pure mathematicians.

Indian Mathematicians And Their Contributions Essay Essay Example

Indian Mathematicians And Their Contributions Essay Essay Example Indian Mathematicians And Their Contributions Essay Essay Indian Mathematicians And Their Contributions Essay Essay Ramanujan He was born on 22na of December 1887 in a little small town of Tanjore territory. Madras. He failed in English in Intermediate. so his formal surveies were stopped but his self-study of mathematics continued. He sent a set of 120 theorems to Professor Hardy of Cambridge. As a consequence he invited Ramanujan to England. Ramanujan showed that any large figure can be written as amount of non more than four premier Numberss. He showed that how to split the figure into two or more squares or regular hexahedrons. when Mr Litlewood came to see Ramanujan in cab figure 1729. Ramanujan said that 1729 is the smallest figure which can be written in the signifier of amount of regular hexahedrons of two Numberss in two ways. i. e. 1729 = 93 + 103 = 13 + 123 since so the figure 1729 is called Ramanujan’s figure. In the 3rd century B. C. Archimedes noted that the ratio of perimeter of a circle to its diameter is changeless. The ratio is now called ‘pi ( ? ) ’ ( the 16th missive in the Greek alphabet series ) The largest Numberss the Greeks and the Romans used were 106 whereas Hindus used Numberss every bit large as 1053 with specific names every bit early as 5000 B. C. during the Vedic period. ARYABHATA Aryabhatta was born in 476A. D in Kusumpur. India. He was the first individual to state that Earth is spherical and it revolves around the Sun. He gave the expression ( a + B ) 2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab He taught the method of work outing the undermentioned jobs: BRAHMAGUPTA Brahma Gupta was born in 598A. D in Pakistan. He gave four methods of generation. He gave the undermentioned expression. used in G. P series a + Ar + ar2 + ar3 +†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . . + arn-1 = ( arn-1 ) ? ( r – 1 ) He gave the undermentioned expression: Area of a cyclic four-sided with side a. b. c. d= v ( s -a ) ( s- B ) ( s -c ) ( s- vitamin D ) where 2s = a + B + degree Celsius + d Length of its diagonals = SHAKUNTALA DEVI She was born in 1939 In 1980. she gave the merchandise of two. 13 digit Numberss within 28 seconds. many states have invited her to show her extraordinary endowment. In Dallas she competed with a computing machine to see who give the regular hexahedron root of 188138517 faster. she won. At university of USA she was asked to give the 23rd root of 91674867692003915809866092758538016248310668014430862240712651642793465704086709659 32792057674808067900227830163549248523803357453169351119035965775473400756818688305 620821016129132845564895780158806771. She answered in 50seconds. The reply is 546372891. It took a UNIVAC 1108 computing machine. full one minute ( 10 seconds more ) to corroborate that she was right after it was fed with 13000 instructions. Now she is known to be Human Computer. BHASKARACHARYA He was born in a small town of Mysore territory. He was the first to give that any figure divided by 0 gives eternity ( 00 ) . He has written a batch about nothing. voiceless consonants. substitution and combination. He wrote. â€Å"The centesimal portion of the perimeter of a circle seems to be straight. Our Earth is a large domain and that’s why it appears to be level. † He gave the expression like wickedness ( A  ± B ) = sinA. cosB  ± cosA. sinB

The Volcanic Island Arcs of the Pacific Term Paper

The Volcanic Island Arcs of the Pacific - Term Paper Example (Akusekijima) near Pacific. Iriomotejimi: In the north of Iriomotejimi Island, submarine volcano is present. This volcano is located 25 km north north east (NNE) at the tip of Iriomotejimi island. The estimated depth of the area where this island is located is about 200 to 300 meters. A major eruption took place at this volcanic island in 1924. The after effects of this eruption were terrible. The pumice rafts produced with this eruption had total volume about 1 cu km. This was carried away by water currents along the whole coast of Japan as far as Hokkaido situated in the north. The largest block formed by melted concrete also known as pumice blocks exceeded up to 1x2 meters in size. The volume of eruption proved to be the largest among all the historical eruption. The largest volume made this outbreak volcanic explosion as the largest in Japan’s history. Kikai Caldera Kikai Caldera is a massive volcano up to 12 miles in diameter. This volcano is located in Osumi islands in J apan. This volcano is the remain of ancient volcanic eruptions took place thousands years ago. Akahova eruption is directly connected to Kikai Caldera. This eruption is considered one among the largest volcanic eruptions took place during Holocene ten thousand years ago. The consequences of this volcanic eruption prolonged and about six thousand years ago, pyroclastic flows from that outbreak and the magma reached to the southern coast of Kyushu. This flow extended over an extensive area up to 62 miles away. The ash could be felt at distant areas. This eruption further produced round about 150 cubic kilometers of tephra. The Volcanic Explosivity Index was 7 due to this massive explosion. So, the ongoing conditions made this one of the most destructive and explosive in last 10, 000... The term paper "The Volcanic Island Arcs of the Pacific" talks about the Pacific tectonic plates all along the boundary situated in the West. These plates move under another and sink into the mantle of the Earth. As a result subduction zones establish in broad curves and island chains develop along these zones. These chains are known as island arcs. Islands are formed due to these volcanic activities but at the same time, there might be several other reasons. Flexing plates, sometimes, up to warp the floor of the sea, lifting it out and form islands. Moreover, if subducting plate has plentiful sediments then these sediments may be slipped off to overriding plates. This scrapped sediment portion builds up into a wedge which is called mà ©lange. Sometimes this wedge may put up so much that it converts into a ridge. This ridge further dominates the forearc. For arch is the region present in between the trench axis and island arc. When tectonic forces apply to these forearcs, they get uplift and the ridges are also uplifted and form islands. Examples of such types of islands include Yap, Guam, and Eua. The Kuril Islands formed volcanic arc composed of 45 volcanoes present on 20 islands. The Pacific Plate shifts with great velocity. This speed is about 90 mm per year. The Pacific plate subducts under Okhotsk Plate near Kuril trench. Here it goes deeper in a northwest direction. This area is seismically very active to a depth of about 680 km. the volcanoes present here are heated up with melted magma.

Using the I Can Problem Solve Program in W.G. Rhea Elementary School Research Paper

Using the I Can Problem Solve Program in W.G. Rhea Elementary School Kindergarten - Research Paper Example Research on Dr.Myrna Shure's program I Can Problem Solve for early elementary (how it has been used, where it has been used, results, etc) along with other programs or information that use problem-solving techniques and cognitive methods.An analytical framework of using ICPS Program for helping children in various aspects is presented.The approximation is based on series of generalizations and specific assumptions. However, these are valid for a wide range of real life situations.ICPS Program teaches the critical thinking skills children require to solve problems on their own. After receiving this program, children learn to generate solution and alternative solutions to problems. They learn to go one step ahead and think of the situation that will arise once the decision is taken. Ability to plan properly the steps to be taken to reach the main goal is developed on their own.How Here, students are helped to solve problems on their own by using real life situations and using fun and e xciting methods such as using colorful pictures, puppets etc. Discussions among groups of students and role plays are also done during the program to help them understand and come up with various solutions and alternative solutions to situational problems .They are then allowed to find out for themselves which would be the best solution to the problem considering the consequences. The program teaches students basic skills and problem solving language. They learn word concepts, how to identify problems, come up with solutions, find out factors behind problems, generate alternate solutions and also study consequences. Children learn to be sensitive. They recognize not only one's own feelings but also others. Children tend to be empathetic and understand problems others face from their point of view. And hence they are able to respond to others problems and influence their responses in turn. Children become better decision makers. Many role plays are conducted during this program enact ing problematic situations. They are requested to come up with solutions and alternative solutions to such situational problems. And they finally choose the best solution on their own after studying the consequences to their decisions. This enables them to manage and solve everyday problems more effectively. Relating lessons learned to other areas, extension activities, activity sheets and other interactive activities are included. (Shure,1992) Where Initial research, funded by the National Institute of Mental Health in Washington, DC, was conducted with low-income African-American youngsters. Subsequent service evaluations beginning in grade 3 were successfully conducted with diverse ethnic and income groups, as well as those with special needs including Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Results: (What effect does the ICPS program have on behavior): Children were found to be more patient and less

Ethics Case Study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethics Case Study - Research Paper Example For instance, they should neither be forced nor be subjected to undue influences. In this case, the child’s mother was not informed (by day care center) of any mistreatment / ill-treatment / neglect regarding her beloved child; hence, the principle of autonomy has been violated. The case comes under child abuse so it should be reported to concerned authorities that would ban the license / registration of that center to avert any further fatalities, thereby saving infants / children. 1.2 - Principle of Non-maleficence The next principle in bioethics is known as non-maleficence that focuses on the least harm to patients (intentionally). For instance, it should be pointed out that certain measures have to be taken that reduces the chance of harm to patients. In addition, the non-maleficence principle also overlaps with due care theory that endorses the idea of care to patients through use of precautionary measures. In this particular case of a child, the day care center certainly neither ensured least harm to the 8-month old nor cooperated with the mother by explaining the condition of her child. Therefore, the principle of non- maleficence is violated since maximum care was not provided to child during absence of her mother. 1.3 - Principle of Beneficence The third ethical principle is known as beneficence that refers to choosing the best option so that greatest good could be done for patients and possibility of evil could be minimized. In this particular case, the best option for day care personnel was to communicate and fully inform child’s mother about the crying, unusual behavior and physical condition of her child so that she could take any immediate measures for rectification. Similarly, the best option for physician was to persuade mother to report the case before court of law instead of satisfying himself that it was not child abuse so it should not be reported. In this way, the principle of beneficence had been violated by the two parties a nd the child’s mother secures right to report and request for punishment to culprits followed by payment of damages (x-ray expenses, physician’s fees etc.). 1.4 - Principle of Justice Another most important principle of bioethics is the justice ethical principle that states that the decision-makers should choose alternatives and make decisions that are fair and that could be justified for all those associated with that case or dilemma. In simple words, the decisions should comply with different ethical approaches. Also, the just and ethical decisions avert the possibility of unrest in the society because the guilty is punished and innocents are protected. In this case, the actual loser in this case is the child’s mother whose trust factor on day care center personnel was affected as well as she had to rush her injured child to hospital, thereby facing emotional and financial issues. Hence, it should be argued in the light of justice approach that the decision sh ould be reported so that the performance of childcare centers could be monitored (Hyden, 1999). For instance, the physicians should also be

The Salvation Army Hostel For The Homeless Social Work Essay

The Salvation Army Hostel For The Homeless Social Work Essay Introduction According to Hardcastle, Powers and Wenocur (2004), Community practice is the application of practice skills to alter the behavioural patterns of community groups, organisations, and institutions or peoples relationships and interactions with these entities. Drawing from this simple definition of community practice, the report focuses on the work I carried out as an Applied Community studies student working with homeless people at the Salvation Army (SA) hostel in Coventry where I completed 140 hours of practice learning as an Assistant Project Worker. For personal reflection and intellectual development the report evaluates the themes around homelessness (causes and bio-psycho-social impacts of homelessness). The theories, legislation and policy underpinning work with homeless people is discussed, and for argument`s sake, the effectiveness of intervention methods is critically analysed while particular emphasis on factors contributing to inequalities in health and social care such a s ageism, gender discrimination, race and ethnicity and social exclusion to promote an anti-oppressive and anti-discriminatory practice (Dominelli 2002 and 2008). An evaluation of my learning outcomes will be made, and the report will argue that relying on funding from the local government affects the administration and provision of welfare services at the centre, which in most cases creates ethical dilemmas for Project Workers. Further, the report will argue that complying with the local authority on who to give help makes the Salvation Army to depart from its core values based on Christian principles: feeding the hungry, clothing the naked, and giving shelter to the homeless (Walker, 2001) among others Christian values, for example, its work with asylum seekers. The report also recognises that lack of continuity in the community affects casework with individuals. The essay concludes by identifying areas of good practice. description of SA and work carried out The Salvation Army was founded in 1865 by William and Catherine Booth to help people identified as socially undesirables (Prostitutes, criminals, drug addicts) to embrace Christianity (Murdoch, 1996; Walker, 2001). To date, the Salvation Army has centres worldwide and provides social aid to people in need, including disaster relief (Chronicle of Philanthropy 30 October 2008). It runs youth programmes and provides accommodation to homeless people but on a temporary basis. In Africa the Salvation Army works with refugees and displaced people among other community works. It operates as a non government organisation agency that provides relief to people in need. Social support intervention is guided by the Salvation Armys 11 Christian doctrines, or soldiers covenant, as an army against social ills. According to the Chronicle of Philanthropy (30 October 2008: 10) the Salvation Army was the largest charity in the USA giving away more than $2 billion in social aid in 2007. The Salvation Army hostel (Coventry) provides accommodation to 80 residents, mostly men (75 rooms are reserved for men with only five reserved for women). The implications of this gender variation will be discussed later. In addition, it takes only homeless people between the ages of 18 and 65, and this concept will also be discussed later in relation to ageism. In addition, the centre does not provide accommodation to people who have no access to public funds, such as asylum seekers, and there are no facilities for homeless families, although the Salvation Army in Leamington has only one family unit. Again, this will be discussed in relation to society stereotyping single people, especially men, as more likely to become homeless. The centre also runs a resource centre which help service users to bid for houses on Coventry Home finder, and job search. In addition, the centre also hold cooking courses to promote healthy eating and budget meals among residents, and used sport (football ) to encourage healthy living interaction through sport, and clients participated in football once every week. I worked as an Assistant Project Worker in a team of 20 staff that included 10 project workers. My job included attending referral meetings, carrying out risk assessments and identifying reasons for homelessness, profiling where a key worker asks the homeless person a series of questions in line with the National Monitoring and Evaluation Services (NMES). My duties also involved helping the service users to bid for houses, signposting them to the Job centre, organising cooking and football events. Critical analysis of relevant theory to practice. The report now analyses the discourse of homelessness in view of the bio-psycho-social needs of homeless people. Maslow (1954) identified seven basic human needs, of which shelter is among them (Taylor, 2010). In England, homelessness is a major issue, and between January and March 2003 there were 31 470 households identified and accepted as homeless by the Local Authority homeless (Wright et al 2003). According to Wright et al (2003), people who are homeless usually have socio, medical and psychological needs, and are stereotyped as anti-social, violent, migrants, and undeserving. Further, they also face isolation, lack of choice, and stigmatisation (Homeless Network 1999 Report). They are also likely to be discriminated and socially excluded because of their ethnicity, gender, race and age (Wright et al 2003). Power and Hunter (2001) concur with this assertion and argue that some of the homeless peoples most immediate challenges include nutritional deficiencies, cold weather, poor personal hygiene and drug and alcohol misuse. In addition they have higher incidents of morbidity and mortality (Wright el al 2003). Some of their medical needs/problems include a chronic history of severe alcohol dependence, with gastrointestinal, neurological, cardiovascular or metabolic complications (Wright et al, 2003 pg 9). They also have higher incidents of depression and risk of suicide (ibid). For effective intervention with homeless people to promote their health and well-being, staff at the Salvation Army works jointly with health partners (GPs), housing departments, non-statutory organisation and social services departments. Most people who use the services (homeless) at the Salvation Army hostel are single white men, ex-convicts, drug and alcohol misuse, and refugees. Underlying bio-psycho-social issues included HIV, substance misuse, isolation, and unemployment. An understanding of these underlying needs was important during a risk assessment so that they could be identified and appropriate intervention provided, for example, where homelessness was caused by unemployment, the person would be sign-posted to the Job Centre, or assisted to fill in job application forms. Getting a job would empower the person to become financially independent and offer a more permanent solution to a recurring problem. Similarly, people who lost their houses due to drug and alcohol misuse would be referred to other agencies such as Recovery Partnership for rehabilitation (solution focussed intervention). The SA worked with the Coventry City Council, who referred homeless people to the centre. The Local Authority pays  £147 per week towards the accommodation of the homeless person, while the person is required to pay  £10. The City Council is also the major funder for the agency, a concept which eroded its independence and community standing as a Christian based sanctuary for the homeless regardless of creed, race (based on verses from the Bible). As a result asylum seekers who had no recourse to public funds were denied services. This experience highlights some of the challenges faced by community workers in their quest to promote social justice, which is defined as the embodiment of fairness, equity, and equality in the distribution of societal resources (Flyn, 1990). This makes their role controversial as they become border guards (Ravi Kohli, 2006), and gatekeepers of resources (Limbery, 2005). The project workers also works hand in hand with GPs, the Job Centre, drug and alco hol rehabilitation centres, Community Psychiatrists and independent and local housing agencies. This requires good team working skills, and I will comment on the development of my team-working skills later in this report. Working with homeless people for statutory organisations is underpinned by legislation such as the Housing Act 1996, and the 1985 Housing Act. Local authorities have a duty under Section 183 of the Housing Act 1996 to provide or prevent homelessness. They have to make inquiries (Part 7 of the 1996 Act) where someone is likely to become homeless within 28 days. In addition, someone is prevented from becoming homeless if there is a casework intervention that will provide the person or family with accommodation sustainable for at least six months (Communities and Local Government Recording Homeless prevention and Relief E10 of the P1E Quarterly Returns, 2009). The Local authorities can work with partner organisations to help prevent homelessness, although these partner organisations have no duty to prevent homelessness. A partner organisation is any organisation which is assisting the local authority in tackling and preventing homelessness (ibid: 12). It may be funded by the Local Autho rity to help in preventing and tackling homelessness. In addition it can also be any organisation where the Local Authorities can refer people for assistance to prevent homelessness; and these include voluntary organisations and independent organisations for housing advice under s.179(1) of the 1996 Act. The Salvation Army is one of the voluntary organisations (faith based) that provide temporary accommodation to prevent homelessness. The Green Paper Independence, Well-being and Choice: Our Vision for the Future of Social Care for Adults in England (DoH, 2005) and the White Paper Caring for People (DoH, 1989) recognise assessments as key to any methods of intervention and good care for people. Assessments were carried out to identify the causes of homelessness, the persons history, entitlement to services, needs (medical, social and psychological), while a risk assessment was carried in all assessments in order to protect the service user from risk of self harm (suicide, intravenous drug use, substance misuse, financial abuse etc). According to Parker and Bradley (2006:11), a risk assessment is the likelihood of certain outcomes, whether positive or negative, occurring under certain circumstances or dependent on decisions made. It was important to carry out a risk assessment to establish the likelihood of people repeatedly becoming homeless, as some would return within three months to the centre. As such, a risk a ssessment sought to establish the best method of dealing with the presenting situation to reduce repeat homelessness, and where homelessness was attributed to drug and alcohol misuse, gambling, etc, the likelihood of that happening again was assessed before appropriate intervention methods were implemented. However, Webber (2009) argue that risk assessment in social work (and this can also be applied to community work) is laden with assumptions while lacking scientific thoroughness which can lead to rationing and excluding some service users. In particular I found that in some cases risk assessment led to the exclusion of some service users whose homelessness was seen as voluntary. One can argue that is being judgemental and not in-line with an anti-oppressive and anti-discriminatory practice (Dominelli 2006). However, in the same breath as risk assessment led to exclusion of service users, it also helped to identify those at risk of harm (physical and emotional) as a result of home lessness. After identifying risks, an assessment of needs was also carried out to identify the needs of the person, such as shelter (which would be the reason for coming to the centre), financial needs and those who were eligible to receive social security benefits would be referred to the Job Centre and/or Social Services department for housing benefit. In addition, those who were homeless because of debt would be referred to national debt agencies to device ways of alleviating the debt. Others would have lost their jobs, which led to repossession of houses or eviction. Those with medical needs were referred to specialist services. In summary, I found the role of carrying risk assessments and assessments of needs very educative while I also applied theory into practice while I assumed a managerial role (commissioning services and signposting). In addition, liaising with other agencies improved my communication skills, advocacy skills and negotiating skills, all skills which are vital to effec tive community practice. Skills required by community workers include community organisation, administration, social planning, social action and social development so that citizens can become active in their own environments (Hardcastle et al 2004). The model of intervention used with homelessness is that of empowering individuals to become self reliant and self sufficient. Social planning involved liaising with other external agencies such as the Coventry City Council, Refuge Centre, Job Centre and Social Services to help clients to get houses, social security benefits, as well as to help clients get jobs. My duties of coordinating services and signposting service users to these external agencies were part of social planning, organisation and action. One of the most intervention methods used at the centre is crisis intervention.   According to Jackson-Cherry and Erford (2010), a crisis intervention involves providing emergency psycho-social care to assist individuals in crises situation to restore a balance to their bio-psycho-social functioning. Similarly, Wilson et al (2008) define a crisis as a breakdown or disruption in a persons usual pattern of, or normal functioning. Homelessness and losing a tenancy in most cases is a result of long-term crises, and individuals respond to crises by striving to maintain their equilibrium through using their coping mechanisms (Jackson-Cherry and Erford, 2010). In addition crises can arise where problems persist and the precipitating events are threatening, and usual coping mechanisms fail to work (Wilson et al 2008). An analysis of some of the people who came to use the centre showed that they were going through crises such as financial, debt, unemployment, domestic violence, which affect ed usual coping mechanisms in others. In addition, losing a house can also lead to a crisis and affect the individuals coping mechanism. In a situation of homelessness caused by a crisis, or leading to a crisis, the role of a community worker is to solve the immediate crisis by offering shelter while looking for long term solutions (Wilson et al, 2008), which in turn leads to solution focussed intervention discussed below. Crisis intervention involves carrying out an assessment to identify needs, make referrals and implement a treatment plan or solution (Roberts, 2005). However, as already argued above, not all cases presented as crises were offered appropriate intervention, such as the case with asylum seekers, families, and people below the ages of 18 and above the age of 65, who were referred to other agencies. In addition to crisis intervention, solution focussed intervention method was also used at the Salvation Army hostel. Solution focussed intervention is change oriented, and encourages service users to find solutions to their problems (Wilson et al 2008). Solution focussed works by placing the responsibility on the service user (empowerment), providing them with tools to identify the extent of their crises, and where they are in the crisis. Gamble (1995) cited by Hardcastle et al (2004) argued that community practice involves using empowerment-based interventions to strengthen participation in democratic processes, assist groups and communities in advocating for their basic needs and organising for social justice. Bidding for accommodation, job search, referring service users with drug and alcohol problems to Recovery Partnership were some of the solution focussed methods of intervention provided on the model of empowerment. In addition to finding solutions as a tool for problem solvi ng, the Salvation Army also uses person-centred intervention method which sees the client as unique thereby requiring unique intervention. Person centred care (PCC), was developed from Carl Rogers person centred counselling (Nay and Garratt 2004). It promotes building relationships between client and professionals, which is empowering as it seeks to put the individual at the centre of their care (Wilson et al, 2008; Nay and Garratt, 2004). The project workers at the Salvation Army recognise that homeless people are individual people with different needs, and not a homogeneous community, hence support is tailored to meet individual needs. The report critically analysed the main functions of the Salvation Army hostel for the homeless. As a student I felt that although the faith-based centre is doing its best to help homeless people, the SA has diverted from its original ethos of helping people in need regardless of race and creed, and this was notable especially with the way asylum seekers are turned away because of their immigration statuses. The role of the Church and philanthropists in helping the need and the poor has its roots before the Reformation, when welfare assistance to the needy was provided by the Church, based on the seven corporal works of mercy (the thirsty must be given drink, the hungry to be fed, the naked to be clothed, the sick visited, the prisoners visited etc) (www.victorianweb.org); through to the Elizabethan Poor Laws (1601), when the church provided relief to people through its parishes (Payne 2002). However, because the Salvation Army gets most of its funding from the Local government, this limits what it can do as a church. Implications for practice. In relation to providing shelter to people between the ages of 18 to 65, one can argue that this is ageism (Dominelli 2006) because it assumes that people below 18 and over the age of 65 cannot become homeless. Ageism does not promote anti-discriminatory practice, and it is also oppressive (Dominellie 2006). In contrast The Employment Equality (Repeal of Retirement Age Provisions) Regulations 2011 abolishes the retirement age of 65 years, which means that the government recognises that people can still be active after 65 years of age. The centre also views homelessness from a gender point of view by allocating 75 of the rooms to men and leaving only five to women. This is based on the assumption that men are more likely to lose their homes especially through domestic violence (perpetrators of domestic violence) yet there is increasing evidence suggesting that there are also male victims of domestic violence (Shupe et al, 1987) . In addition to homelessness, single women are also like ly to lose their homes for the same reasons that men lose their homes (such as unemployment, drug and alcohol misuse, gambling etc). The report highlighted that there is no family unit at the Salvation Army in Coventry, while Leamington has only one family unit. Under the current economic climate, many families are losing homes due to repossession of houses and unemployment. As such it is also possible to have families becoming homeless. During my placement I witnessed whole families being turned away because of lack of facilities to accommodate families. One can also argue that by not having family units, the system views single people as more likely to become homeless. This issue of separating families was also practiced during the Poor Laws Amendment 1834, when families were separated in workhouses to punish the undeserving poor. For continuity of care the Salvation Army must continue to work in partnership with GPs, Community Psychiatrists and other health professionals during the recovery pathway so that people do not relapse when they return to the community. In terms of workloads, the project workers were allocated at least 10 service users each. In relation to time, comprehensive assessment to identify risks and needs, this workload was viewed by most workers as unmanageable, especially when allocated to service users with complex needs (accommodation, medical, drug and alcohol misuse, access to benefits etc). This also reduced the time of building rapport with clients (Trevithick 2000 and 2005) for effective intervention methods. The placement provided me with a forum to apply theory to practice, including relevant theoretical intervention methods, understanding policy and legislation, as well as exposing me to the challenges faced by community workers when they work with people towards individual and community development strategies. I also gained an insight into social and health inequalities leading to homelessness and how these impact on peoples lives. My communication and interviewing skills were also enhanced (Trevithick, 2000 and 2005) as I spoke to different service users and professionals. Working with external agencies improved my team working skills (ibid). Values of a community worker include ability to empathise, to work in a non-judgemental manner, to be patient as well as to promote empowerment through social justice. Conclusion The conclusions to be drawn from the above report and analysis of the role of the Salvation Army with homeless people in Coventry are that the church and the voluntary sector play a significant role in the provision of welfare to citizens. However, there is also need to reform some of the Salvation Armys policies to address issues of ageism, gender, challenge oppression especially with asylum seekers, and become inclusive to women and families who become homeless. Recruitment of volunteers can also be encouraged to reduce workloads. While the methods of intervention may be appropriate, however, assessments are not needs led but resource led, which makes it difficult for project workers to fulfil their roles to promote social justice.

Japans Purple Machine Essay -- Codes Communications Papers

Japan's Purple Machine Codes and ciphers have played many crucial roles in the past 3000 years, protecting the secrets of caesars and laymen. In World War II numerous nations used cryptographic systems to conceal their secret intentions and plans from the spying eyes of enemies everywhere. Cryptanalysts, however, undeterred by the complexity of the crypto-systems, worked diligently, trying to find any sort of weakness that would allow a break into the cipher and expose the secrets contained within. During the late 1930s two nations, Japan and the United States, were in a state of intense negotiations regarding various political conflicts. The US trying to indirectly help the Allies set numerous conditions for Japan that prevented her from receiving crucial resources and embarking on its agreed upon mission with its European friends. In the midst of this, a machine cipher, codenamed Purple was performing a vital role in the war making policies for both Japan and the United States. A rarely told story a bout a secret operation in the US involved in breaking Japan's most secure crypto-system reveals a truly remarkable set of events that not only shaped the outcome of WWII, but also spearheaded the launch of numerous intelligence agencies for protecting the citizens of its nations and preventing surprise attacks such as the one on Pearl Harbor. Japan's New Cipher Machine In the early 1930s, the Japanese Navy purchased a commercial version of the German Enigma and proceeded to modify it by adding features which enhanced its security (Kahn 6). The system that evolved was one of the most secure cryptographic machines in the world. The machine was codenamed "Red" by the US government and was used to encrypt the highest level ... ...ng. March 01, 2004. http://www.faircount.com/web04/pearlharbor/pdfs/codebreakers.pdf Hatch, A. David. Enigma and Purple: How the Allies Broke German and Japanese Codes During the War. March 06, 2004. http://cadigweb.ew.usna.edu/Lwdj/papers/cryptoday/hatch j,urple.ps Kahn, David. The Codebreakers. New York: Scribner, 1996. Kurzeja, Karen. Pearl Harbor & Ciphering Methods. March 1, 2004. http://raphael.math.uic.edu/Jeremy/crypt/contrib/kurzeja.html Momsen, Bill. Codebreaking and Secret Weapons in World War II. March 07, 2004. http://home.earthlink.net/–nbrassl/3enigma.htm Perloff, James. Pearl Harbor. The New American. December 8, 1986. http://www.thenewamerican.com/departments/feature/l 999/070499.htm Young, Frank Pierce. Flame & Blame at Pearl Harbor. The Responsibility Question. March 01, 2004. http://www.microworks.net/pacific/special/flamel.htm

Marriott Cost of Capital Essay

Our objective was to find the hurdle rates for Marriott’s three divisions and for the firm as a whole. Marriott should find the hurdle rates for its divisions separately because its divisions operate in separate industries and therefore face different business risks. Marriott’s vice president says that increasing the hurdle rate by 1% would decrease the present value of project inflows by 1%. Since finding appropriate hurdle rates is critical to accepting or rejecting projects, Marriott should be precise by calculating and using division-specific rates on division-specific projects. We used the WACC method so that our hurdle rates would reflect appropriate cost of debt and cost of equity, as explained in our subsequent analysis. We found Marriott’s hurdle rates: 8.646% for hotels, 10.94% for restaurants, 11.094% for contracts, and 9.688% for the entire company. Marriott should use the division-specific hurdle rates when evaluating division-specific projects. Using the overall WACC to evaluate a project in the restaurant industry, for example, could cause Marriott to incorrectly accept a project, which would destroy wealth. Our analysis also led us to evaluate Marriott’s four financial growth objectives. First, we found that by managing instead of owning hotel assets, Marriott was able to hedge its risks in the currently volatile economy. Second, we were concerned that Marriott’s strategy of maximizing shareholder wealth by treating its projects like â€Å"similar little boxes† instead of using division-specific hurdle rates would decrease shareholder value.

HEALY Last Name Meaning and Origin

HEALY Last Name Meaning and Origin The popular Irish surname Healy, is a shortened form of OHealy, an anglicized form of one of the following: (1) the Gaelic surname  Ãƒâ€œ hÉilidhe, meaning descendant of the claimant, from the Gaelic  Ãƒ ©ilidhe, meaning claimant. The  Ãƒâ€œ hÉilidhe clan originated in  Connaught. (2) the Gaelic surname  Ãƒâ€œ hÉalaighthe, meaning descendant of  Ãƒâ€°aladhach, a given name likely derived from ealadhach, meaning ingenious. The  Ãƒâ€œ hÉalaighthe clan originated in Munster. Healy is now rarely found with the O prefix, such as OHealy, OHaly or OHely, all common forms of the surname up to the end of the seventeenth century. Healy may also be a geographical English surname for any of the places named  Healey (or variants such as Hayleg, Helei, Heley, Helagh, and Helay) found in Lancashire, Northumberland or Yorkshire.  The name means the high clearing or wood, derived from the Old English heah, meaning high and leah, meaning glade or clearing in a wood. Healy is one of  50 common Irish surnames  of modern Ireland, ranking forty-seventh on the list with a total Irish population of about 13,000.   Surname Origin:  Irish, English Alternate Surname Spellings: HEALEY, HEELEY, HEELY,  OHEALY, OHALY, OHELY, OHEALEY, HALY, HELY, HAILY Famous People with the Surname HEALY Mark Healy - American surferCecil Healy - Australian swimmerDermot Healy - Irish novelist, playwright, and poetJames Augustine Healy - first  African-American Roman Catholic bishop in the United StatesRoy Healy - American rocket scientistTimothy Michael Healy - Irish politician ​Genealogy Resources for the Surname HEALY World Names Surname Profiler - Distribution of the HEALY SurnameTrace the geography and distribution of the HEALY surname through this free online database. It is fairly common throughout Ireland, with the greatest concentrations found in western Ireland. HEALY Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Healy surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Healy surname query. FamilySearch - HEALY GenealogyExplore over 2 million results, including digitized records, database entries, and online family trees for the Healy surname and variants on the FREE FamilySearch website, courtesy of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. HEALY Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Healy surname. DistantCousin.com - HEALY Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Healy. Cant find your last name listed? Suggest a surname to be added to the Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins. References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1967.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. New York:  Oxford University Press, 2003.MacLysaght, Edward.  Surnames of Ireland. Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1989.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Jane Eyre Settings Essay Example

Jane Eyre Settings Essay Example Jane Eyre Settings Essay Jane Eyre Settings Essay Jane Eyre Essay Jane Eyre, a Gothic novel by Charlotte Bronte, tells a story of a beauty and a beast. Jane Eyre grows up an orphaned girl in Victorian England who does not know love in her cruel aunts household; after a few years her aunt sends her to a school where they abuse Jane further. After spending eight years as a student of Lowood and two as a teacher, she takes a nanny position where she meets Mr. Rochester, and sparks begin to fly. Bronte divides Janes story into three significant sections, which have a different effect on Janes life as seen at Gateshead, Lowood, and Thornfield . Janes spends her early life in the clutches of her aunt in Gateshead, a house that Jane experiences most of her loveless years in. After leaving the merciless Gateshead, Jane comes to Lowood School expecting little, but while there she begins to experience her first taste of love, mixed with unkindness from the insufferable Mr. Brocklehurst. Having learned and endured much, Jane arrives at Thornfield looking forward to her next life of servitude; however, while at Thornfield, her life takes a turn for the better, finally granting her the happiness she deserves all these years. Gateshead, Lowood, and Thornfield have a significant role in Jane Eyres life, they all impact her as a person importantly, each in a different way. Gateshead hosts an unloving family that do nothing but hurt Jane, Lowood is a school that practices rigid and harsh rules but allows Jane to experience love for the first time, and Thornfield has the biggest impact on Jane, giving her to have a happy ending. Jane Eyre, an abused, neglected, unloved orphan sent to three very different places over the course of her predominantly unhappy life; each place affects her greatly, and each for an extremely different reason.

E-waste Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

E-waste - Essay Example Regardless of the efforts by some individuals in reducing the level of e-wastes, it is unlikely that such efforts will solve the problem. E-waste, described as electronic products nearing their useful life is one of the biggest concerns for the environmentalists. Although the term e-waste describes electronic products near their useful life, some of the environmentalists use the term to describe a number of by-products and wastes dumped in the environment. According to Leonard (film), e-waste is any material dumped into the environment and has a negative effect to the environment or negatively affects the health of the people. Any by-product of the manufacturing process such as toxic fumes and wastes dumped into rivers and the soil as well as the unwanted products that consumers dispose of, whether obsolete or useless, according to Leonard (film) is e-waste. This generalization thus encompasses a number of by-products regarded as e-wastes to the environment. Since e-wastes do not dec ompose, they contribute to the biggest crisis facing human beings in this era  (Reinhardt web). Although there are efforts to recycle them, not all of these wastes are recyclable. As such, the only way that people can solve the problem is by reducing the amount of wastes produced and dumped into the environment. ... Different factors contribute to the increased amount of e-wastes in the environment. Although most of the studies concentrate on the effects of dumped e-wastes as the main contributing factors to the e-wastes, Leonard (film) includes all the stages involved in the product life cycle. As Leonard argues, â€Å"in the past decade, the world has used at least one third of the total natural resources†, which portrays a danger in waiting. While the third world countries do not take part in the high level of manufacturing, developed countries such as the united states, after extensively using their natural resources have resulted to the developing countries for raw materials. This balances the level of resources consumption in the world. The manufacturing process is yet another stage that significantly contributes to the high level of e-wastes in the environment. As the process involves the use of toxics, these contribute to the high number of toxic wastes released to the environment . The manufacturing process waste people too as they work in the highly toxic environments. They inhale the fumes from the production process, which contributes to the high levels of cancer diseases. Moreover, the production process releases fumes into the environment as well as effluents that are by-products of the manufacturing process. However, the increased culture of consumerism the world has adopted in the recent past contributes to the high level of e-wastes dumped in the environment. According to Leonard, â€Å"an average us person consumes twice as much as they consumed 50 years ago,† yet there is no way of changing this culture of consumerism in the society. the designing of

Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Speech - Essay Example In this country, there is discrimination against foreigners. There is discrimination against Indians. There is discrimination against Europeans. There is discrimination against the Americans. There is discrimination against fellow Arabs particularly the Palestinians. The founders of the nation planted the seeds of discrimination among us, and now we are feeling its effects. Many foreigners have been suffering in silence since independence due to discrimination. They do not get equal opportunities like the indigenous people. When we gained independence, our government pursued policies that ensured Palestinians permanently remained refugees. We treated them in a manner that always made them feel that their presence in this country would remain temporary. The government deliberately denied many of them entry visas. As a result, some families were split, and some of them decided to leave the country. We did not give them permanent residence or citizenship, including those who were born here. Our country practices institutionalized discrimination against the Bedoons. The authorities have denied them citizenship despite living in the country for many generations. They are citizens without citizenship. They are barred from government employment, and their children have difficulties in accessing education. They do not move freely because they lack identification and travel documents. They also fear arrests and deportation from the country. Kuwait is the only country that the Bedoon community has ever known. They do not belong to Saudi Arabia. They do not belong to Iraq. They only failed to register themselves as citizens in 1950s because they had not foreseen the benefits of Kuwaiti citizenship. Their failure should not be used as a basis of denying them equal rights like other indigenous populations. Our government has always played tricks on the community by amending the laws so that none of them gets Kuwaiti citizenship. Our country needs broad